Problem set ECOS3003 经济 assignment 代写

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Problem set ECOS3003 经济 assignment 代写

ECOS3003 Problem set 1 of 4

Problem set ECOS3003

NOTE Due date 10.00 Tuesday 29 August

Please keep your answers brief and concise. Excessively long and irrelevant answers

will be penalised.

1. Consider the following game, which has been loosely based on the trust models

studied in class. For the purposes of this game, focus on pure-strategies only.

Each agent moves simultaneously. Agent 1 can take either action T, M or B, whereas

Agent 2 can take actions L, C, or R.

The payoffs are shown in the following normal form game.

a. Outline and explain the Nash equilibria if the game is played once. (Again, focus

only on pure-strategy equilibria.)

b. Now consider the case when the game is played twice. That is, in the first period at

the firm, Agents 1 and 2 simultaneously choose their actions. Their choices are

revealed before in the second period, again the agents simultaneously choose their

actions. Then the game ends. There is no discounting of payoffs between periods.

ECOS3003 Problem set 2 of 4

Outline how, as part of a subgame equilibrium that the threat to play either B or R in

the final period rather than M or C can help sustain the cooperative outcome of (T,L)

in the first period. Interpret this two-period game as a trust game. Explain why ‘trust’

(or cooperation) can be achieved in the first period of this game without having to

resort to an infinite-horizon game.

2. Consider a firm with two agents – 1 and 2. Both agents have to choose between two

options: Client Focus or Cost Focus. If both choose Client the payoffs to 1 are 20 and

10 to agent 2. If both agents choose to play Cost the payoffs are 15 to agent 1 and 25

to agent 2, respectively. Finally, if any other combination of actions is chosen the

payoffs to each agent are 0.

a. Assume that the agent choose their actions simultaneously. Draw the normal form

of the game and derive all of the Nash equilibria.

b. Now assume that the game is played sequentially: Agent 1 makes her choice of

action first, this is observed by Agent 2, who then makes his choice. Draw the

extensive form of the game and find the subgame perfect equilibria. Briefly interpret

this game in the context of: (i) leadership and corporate culture; and (ii) the Basic

Value Maximisation Principle.

Problem set ECOS3003 经济 assignment 代写

3. Consider the following delegation versus centralisation model of decision making,

loosely based on some of the discussion in class.

A principal wishes to implement a decision that has to be a number between 0 and 1;

that is, a decision d needs to be implemented where 0 1 d   . The difficulty for the

principal is that she does not know what decision is appropriate given the current state

of the economy, but she would like to implement a decision that exactly equals what

is required given the state of the economy. In other words, if the economy is in state s

(where 0 1 s   ) the principal would like to implement a decision d = s as the

principal’s utility U p (or loss from the maximum possible profit) is given by

U s d    . With such a utility function, maximising utility really means making

the loss as small as possible. For simplicity, the two possible levels of s are 0.4 and

0.7, and each occurs with probability 0.5.

There are two division managers A and B who each have their own biases. Manager

A always wants a decision of 0.4 to be implemented, and incurs a disutility U A that is

increasing the further from 0.4 the decision d that is actually implement, specifically,

0.4

U d    . Similarly, Manager B always wants a decision of 0.7 to be

implement, and incurs a disutility U B that is (linearly) increasing in the distance

between 0.7 and the actually decision that is implemented - that is 0.7

U d    .

Each manager is completely informed, so that each of them knows exactly what the

state of the economy s is.

(a) The principal can opt to centralise the decision but before making her decision –

given she does not know what the state of the economy is – she asks for

ECOS3003 Problem set 3 of 4

recommendations from her two division managers. Centralisation means that the

principal commits to implement a decision that is the average of the two

recommendations she received from her managers. The recommendations are sent

simultaneously and cannot be less than 0 or greater than 1.

Assume that the state of the economy s = 0.7. What is the report (or recommendation)

that Manager A will send if Manager B always truthfully reports s?

(b) Again the principal is going to centralise the decision and will ask for a

recommendation from both managers, as in the previous question. Now, however,

assume that both managers strategically make their recommendations. What are the

recommendations r A and r B made by the Managers A and B, respectively, in a Nash

equilibrium?

(as in part b)?

(d) Can you design a contract for both of the managers that can help the principal

implement their preferred option? Why might this contract be problematic in the real

world?

4. Consider a variant on the Aghion and Tirole (1997) model. Poppy, the principal,

and Aiden, the agent, together can decide on implementing a new project, but both are

unsure of which project is good and which is really bad. Given this, if no one is

informed they will not do any project and both parties get zero. Both Poppy and

Aiden can, however, put effort into discovering a good project. Poppy can put in

effort E; this costs her effort cost

E , but it gives her a probability of being

informed of E. If Poppy gets her preferred project she will get a payoff of $1. For all

other projects Poppy gets zero. Similarly, the agent Aiden can put in effort e at a cost

e ; this gives Aiden a probability of being informed with probability e. If Aiden

gets his preferred project he gets $1. For all other projects he gets zero. Note also, that

the probability that Poppy’s preferred project is also Aiden’s preferred project is α

(this is the degree of congruence is α). It is also the case that α if Aiden chooses his

preferred project that it will also be the preferred project of Poppy. (Note, in this

question, we assume that α = β from the standard model studied in class.)

(a) Assume that Poppy has the legal right to decide (P-formal authority). If Poppy is

uninformed she will ask the agent for a recommendation; if Aiden is informed he will

recommend a project to implement. First consider the case when both Aiden and

Poppy simultaneously choose their effort costs. Write out the utility or profit function

for both Poppy and Aiden. Solve for the equilibrium level of E and e, and show that

Poppy becomes perfectly informed (E = 1) and Aiden puts in zero effort in

equilibrium (e = 0). Explain your result, possibly using a diagram of Poppy’s

marginal benefit and marginal cost curves. What is Poppy’s expected profit?

(b) Now consider the case when the agent Aiden has the formal decision making

rights (Delegation or A-formal authority). In this case, if Aiden is informed he will

ECOS3003 Problem set 4 of 4

decide on the project if he is informed; if not he will ask Poppy for a

recommendation. Again calculate the equilibrium levels of E and e.

sequence. Assume now that with sequential efforts first Aiden puts in effort e into

finding a good project. If he is informed, Aiden implements the project he likes. If

Aiden is uninformed he reveals this to Poppy, who can then decide on the level of her

effort E. If Poppy is informed she then implements her preferred project. If she too is

uninformed no project is implemented.

Draw the extensive form of this game and calculate the effort level Poppy makes in

the subgame when the Agent is uninformed. Now calculate the effort that Aiden puts

in at the first stage of the game. Calculate the expected profit of Poppy in this

sequential game and show that it is equal to

(1 )

     .

5. Bloom et al (2012) ‘The organization of firms across countries, Quarterly Journal

of Economics) has found that delegation is more likely in firms that are located in

countries in which the management can trust workers. More recently, Meagher and

Wait (2015) have found that delegation of decision-making authority is more likely

when the workers trust the management.

In the context of the infinitely repeated game studied in class, briefly discussion both

results.

Problem set ECOS3003 经济 assignment 代写