代写Ecotourism 满分通过 澳洲论文代写
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代写Ecotourism 满分通过 澳洲论文代写
“Every individual tourist builds up or destroys human values while travelling” (Krippendorf, 1987, p.
109). The choices we make about travel and the way we interact with local people and other
travellers, make our travel experience what it is. Ecotourism and volunteer-tourism have a strong,
positive image, but we need to take responsibility for the positive and negative impacts of our travel
choices, rather than just accept the claims made by travel companies.
“Responsible tourism” is about taking responsibility for our travel experience to make places better
for people to live in and visit. The traveller’s desire to have a meaningful encounter with another
culture, through volunteering or ecotourism, is a good one, but tourists need to be warned against
purchasing experiences that may do more harm than good. “As the proverb says, “the road to Hell is
paved with good intentions” and unintended consequences are a major problem with ecotourism.
Ecotourism:
i) History:
Ecotourism (also called sustainable tourism and responsible tourism) is an attractive idea. Jost
Krippendorf, one of the founders, saw the damage caused to his native country, Switzerland, by the
post-war tourist boom. He wanted to develop better tourism for locals and visitors alike, with “the
satisfaction of social needs: contact with other people and self-realization through creative activities,
knowledge and exploration” (Krippendorf, 1987, p. 74). Krippendorf predicted that tourists would
increasingly demand more satisfying and fulfilling travel experiences.
Professor David Fennell suggests that the concept of “ecotourism” evolved through operators
responding to demands for nature tourism, by emphasizing different elements of the product,
activity or experience (Fennell, 1999, p. 32). However, whereas “nature tourism” consists of any tour
where the enjoyment of nature is central – “ecotourism” is presented as something superior.
ii) Definitions:
The idea of eco-tourism was simple: low-impact nature tourism would contribute to the costs of
conserving habitats and species and provide revenue to local communities, thus encouraging them
to “value and protect their wildlife heritage areas as a source of income” (Goodwin, 1996, pp. 277-
91). The current definition of “ecotourism”, promoted by the International Ecotourism Society, reads
“responsible travel to natural areas that conserves the environment, sustains the well-being of the
local people, and involves interpretation and education”.
iii) Problems:
However, the ecotourism ideal of, “Leave only footprints, take only photographs” has actually given
tourists permission to exploit. It costs local communities money to maintain protected areas and
sustain habitats and wildlife for tourists to visit. Nature tourism of any kind, assumes it is possible to
1 visit areas of natural beauty for free, which in turn suggests there is no reason to give money
towards maintenance or compensation to local people for taking away the natural resources they
depend on for hunting, building materials or saleable raw materials like timber or honey. The
International Ecotourism Society’s definition makes no mention of a financial contribution to the
cost of maintaining habitats and species, and eco-tourists rarely contribute more than regular
tourists visiting the area. To be distinctive, and to fulfil its promise, ecotourism needs to take
responsibility for communities, for example by making a significant contribution to livelihoods,
sufficient to deter poaching. It needs to fund conservation efforts and increase political support to
conserve habitats and wildlife.
iv) An example of negative impacts:
The Galapagos Islands, off the coast of Ecuador, provide a perfect example. Visitor numbers
increased from 40,000 in 1990 to 204,000 by 2013. These huge numbers of nature tourists, including
eco-tourists, have created economic opportunities which attract both legal and illegal practices.
Many people now seek development on the islands, which threatens the national park. Already the
代写Ecotourism 满分通过 澳洲论文代写
electricity generation all impact the conservation of the island habitats and species. Moreover,
transportation of people and goods to the islands carries a serious threat of importing invasive and
destructive species (Benitez-Capistros, Hugé & Koedam, 2014). Between 2007-2010, the Galapagos
Islands were on the list of endangered World Heritage Sites and the World Heritage Committee
remains concerned about bio-security, the accidental introduction of species and “the continued
lack of effective response to rapid and uncontrolled tourism-related development”(UNESCO, 2010).
v) Changing Expectations:
Ecotourism has failed to fulfil its promise to benefit habitats, wildlife and communities and deal with
the human/wildlife conflict. Travellers expect providers to ensure their trip is “sustainable” without a
high price tag. To be genuinely “responsible,” tourists must expect sustainability to be part of the
product and be prepared to pay for it.
Voluntourism (volunteer tourism):
i) Definition:
Volunteer experiences have become increasingly popular since the mid-1980s. Governments see
public benefit in enabling young people to volunteer in developing countries, and thus support
groups like the Peace Corps and Voluntary Service Overseas (VSO). Hands Up Holidays is a UK tour
operator, which describes the “voluntourism” they offer as a “combination of volunteering and
2 sightseeing, enabling travellers to not only visit the scenic highlights of a destination, but also to
engage in a meaningful way with the people and/or environment, by giving back”. Volunteers are
recruited to give out bread or medicines or to clean beaches, as well as share in a structured
development programme with transparent monitoring of impacts.
ii) Problems
代写Ecotourism 满分通过 澳洲论文代写
bad practice.
iv) Solutions:
Individuals planning to volunteer abroad should consider whether they could volunteer in the same
way at home. If they travel, they should assess training and supervision provided to protect the
vulnerable. Volunteers need to take responsibility and consider all the potential consequences, for
example children are particularly at risk. When a child forms an emotional attachment to a
volunteer, they will suffer a sense of rejection when the volunteer leaves. Volunteers must therefore
be responsible for this type of unplanned consequence.
Conclusions:
代写Ecotourism 满分通过 澳洲论文代写
