代写 HBS108 Health Assignment Healthy Eating
100%原创包过,高质代写&免费提供Turnitin报告--24小时客服QQ&微信：120591129
代写 HBS108 Health Assignment Healthy Eating
Page 1 of 6
HBS108 Assignment Task 2
Healthy Eating: Does Menu Labelling Make a Difference?
1200 words, 30% of total assessment, due Friday 13 May by 5pm
This assignment draws on Topics 4, 5, 6 and 7. It requires you to access, understand, interpret and
report on findings from qualitative and quantitative research studies that investigate menu labelling
as a strategy for promoting healthy eating. You are then required, as a health practitioner, to make
recommendations about the use of menu labelling to assist healthy eating.
You are required to access and read the following journal articles, and answer questions based on
their content:
Schindler, J, Kisko, K, Abrams, C, Islam, N & Elbel, B 2013, ‘Environment and individual factors
affecting menu labeling utilization: A qualitative research study’, Journal of the Academy of
Nutrition and Dietetics, vol. 113, no. 5, pp. 667–672.
Dodds, P, Wolfenden, L, Chapman, K, Wellard, L, Hughes, C & Wiggers, J 2014, ‘The effect of energy
and traffic light labelling on parent and child fast food selection: A randomised controlled
trial’, Appetite, vol. 73, pp. 23–30.
Green, JE, Brown, AG & Ohri-Vachaspati, P 2015, ‘Sociodemographic disparities among fast-food
restaurant customers who notice and use calorie menu labels’, Journal of the Academy of
Nutrition and Dietetics, vol. 115, no. 7, pp. 1093–1101.
Topics 4, 5, 6 and 7 (and especially the online tutorial activities and sessions associated with each
topic) will provide you with the knowledge and skills you need to successfully complete this
assignment.
INTRODUCTION
Chronic diseases such as heart disease, cancer and type 2 diabetes comprise a high proportion of the
total burden of disease in Australia (Begg et al. 2007). Poor diet is a major risk factor for these and
related health conditions such as overweight/obesity. High quality health surveys such as the
Australian Bureau of Statistics Australian Health Survey document a number of poor eating
behaviours among Australians, and also socio-economic disparities in healthy eating (Australian
Bureau of Statistics 2013).
Many strategies have been proposed and implemented aimed at increasing healthy eating in the
Australian population, and internationally. A recent initiative involves food labelling as an educative
strategy for reducing energy intake as a contribution to weight control. One such food labelling
intervention is menu labelling, with the USA and UK (among other countries) now requiring or
Page 2 of 6
encouraging disclosure of calorie 1 (kilojoule) information on the menus of restaurants and take-way
food outlets. As a relatively recent initiative, health practitioners, including health policy-makers, are
interested in research evidence on how people react and respond to menu labelling, and how
effective it is likely to be, including for disadvantaged population groups who have higher rates of
overweight/obesity.
This assignment requires you to investigate research evidence related to labelling the calorie content
of menu items in restaurants and take-away food outlets. Key research questions on this topic
include:
Do people pay attention to the calorie content of menu items?
Do people consider calorie content an important consideration in their food choices at
restaurants and take-away food outlets?
Do people change their behaviour (in terms of calorie intake) in response to the labels?
Which people change their behaviour (in terms of population groups at greatest risk of
unhealthy eating and/or overweight/obesity)?
In this assignment you will answer questions based on research studies that address these important
questions.
代写 HBS108 Health Assignment Healthy Eating
TASK A
Q. 1. The following questions are based on the study by Schindler et al. (2013).
(i) What was the study aim? (Please make sure you state the aim in your own words) (3 marks)
(ii) What study design was used, and why is this study design appropriate for addressing the
study aim? (3 marks)
(iii) What data collection method was used? (2 marks)
(iv) In the results section, the authors state that:
“…many [participants] noted barriers to and reasons against regularly using menu
labels to guide food choice.” (p. 669).
Please explain, in your own words, the reasons why participants considered menu labels to
be of no or little help when making food choices. (6 marks)
(v) What study limitations limit the usefulness of the study findings for informing Australian
government public health policy related to calorie labelling on restaurant and take-away
food outlets? (5 marks)
TASK B
Q. 2. The following questions are based on the study by Dodds et al. (2014). Please note that the
study used a number of statistical tests that are not covered in HBS108. You are not expected to
1 Australia uses the international standard of ‘kilojoule’ as the unit of energy. However, because most
academic literature is published in the United States—which uses the energy unit ‘calorie’—this is the term
that is used in this assignment.
Page 3 of 6
understand these statistical tests. Instead, the following questions can be answered from the text
in the article rather than interpreting statistical data.
(i) What were the study aims? (These are listed in the introduction in more detail than in the
abstract. Please make sure you state the aims in your own words). (3 marks)
(ii) What was the study design? (3 marks)
(iii) What was/were the independent study variable(s)? What was/were the dependent study
variable(s)? (3 marks)
(iv) Figure 1 (p. 25) includes details of the study sample, including the number of eligible
participants who were excluded from enrolment in the study (and the reasons for their
exclusion). If the number of people who are excluded from enrolment is large, or they have
different characteristics to those who remain, what potential source of bias might this
introduce? (2 marks)
(v) Briefly summarise (in your own words) the key findings of the study. (5 marks)
(vi) Based on the study design, are these findings likely to have good internal validity? Briefly
explain the reasons for your answer. (3 marks)
(vii) Based on the sample recruitment methods, is this study likely to have good external validity?
Briefly explain the reasons for your answer. (3 marks)
TASK C
Q3. The following questions are based on the study by Green, Brown & Ohri-Vachaspati (2015).
(i) What is the study rationale (i.e. the reason for conducting the study)? (4 marks)
(ii) Stratified sampling was used to select McDonald’s restaurants. Briefly explain what stratified
sampling means. What strata were used, and why? (4 marks)
(iii) Table 2 shows the number and percentage of people who noticed and used calorie menu
labelling information according to a number of sociodemographic characteristics of study
participants (including frequency of fast-food consumption). For which sociodemographic
characteristics was there a statistically significant difference between sub-groups of people
within the particular sociodemographic characteristic for noticing or using calorie menu
labels? Briefly explain the reason for your answer. (6 marks)
(iv) Based on the numbers and percentages in Table 2, which Annual Household Income group
was most likely to notice calorie menu labelling information? Which Annual Household
Income group was most likely to use calorie menu labelling information? (3 marks)
(v) Based on the numbers and percentages in Table 2, which Education Level group was most
likely to notice calorie menu labelling information? Which Education Level group was most
likely to use calorie menu labelling information? (3 marks)
The sociodemographic characteristics in Table 2 may not be independent; for example, income and
education level are likely to be related, with both possibly impacting on noticing and using calorie
menu labelling information. This is the process of confounding (see Topic 7). The authors used a
statistical method for adjusting for possible confounding called logistic regression 2 . The results of
2 Logistic regression is not one of the methods of statistical analysis covered in HBS108 (we only look at
correlation and chi-square), so you do not need to know the details of logistic regression. But we do cover the
Page 4 of 6
this analysis are presented in the form of odds ratios (ORs) and confidence intervals (CIs). The odds
ratios in Table 3 give a better estimate of the ‘real’ relationship (i.e. adjusted for potential
confounding) between the various sociodemographic characteristics and noticing or using calorie
menu labels than the simple percentages in Table 2.
(vi) Based on the ORs and CIs in Table 3, which Annual Household Income group is most likely to
use calorie menu labelling information? Briefly explain how you used the ORs and CIs to
decide this. (3 marks)
(vii) Based on the ORs and CIs in Table 3, which Education Level group is most likely to use calorie
menu labelling information? Briefly explain how you used the ORs and CIs to decide this.
(3 marks)
(viii) Based on the ORs and CIs in Table 3, are people aged 36–49 years more or less likely than
people aged 18–25 years to use calorie menu labelling information? Briefly explain how you
used the ORs and CIs to decide this. (3 marks)
CONCLUSION
The introduction to this assignment set out four research questions related to labelling the calorie
content of menu items:
Do people pay attention to the calorie content of menu items?
Do people consider calorie content an important consideration in their food choices at
restaurants and take-away food outlets?
Do people change their behaviour (in terms of calorie intake) in response to menu labels?
Which people change their behaviour (in terms of population groups at greatest risk of
unhealthy eating and/or overweight/obesity)?
You are a Policy Officer in the Population Health Division of the Commonwealth Department of
Health, which is responsible for developing and evaluating national policy, resources and initiatives
in the areas of nutrition, healthy eating, and promoting healthy weight. You are required to write a
policy brief for the Health Minister that summarises the key findings (from the three studies in this
assignment) related to the four dot points above, and concludes with a recommendation for future
action. Your recommendation might be for a more comprehensive review of the evidence, further
research, or the introduction of new food regulations. If so, include a specific example (e.g. what
should be included in a more comprehensive review, what further research is required, or what
regulations?) (20 marks)
Note: 10 marks will be awarded for writing, grammar, presentation and referencing
REFERENCES
Australian Bureau of Statistics 2013, Australian Health Survey: updated results, 2011–12. ABS cat. no.
4364.0.55.003. Canberra, Australian Bureau of Statistics.
interpretation of odds ratios and confidence intervals which is how the results of the logistic regression
analysis and other statistical analyses are presented.
Page 5 of 6
Begg, S, Vos, T, Barker, B, Stevenson, C, Stanley, L, and Lopez, AD 2007, The burden of disease and
injury in Australia 2003. Canberra, Australian Institute of Health and Welfare.
Dodds, P, Wolfenden, L, Chapman, K, Wellard, L, Hughes, C & Wiggers, J 2014, ‘The effect of energy
and traffic light labelling on parent and child fast food selection: A randomised controlled
trial’, Appetite, vol. 73, pp. 23–30.
Green, JE, Brown, AG & Ohri-Vachaspati, P 2015, ‘Sociodemographic disparities among fast-food
restaurant customers who notice and use calorie menu labels’, Journal of the Academy of
Nutrition and Dietetics, vol. 115, no. 7, pp. 1093–1101.
Schindler, J, Kisko, K, Abrams, C, Islam, N & Elbel, B 2013, ‘Environment and individual factors
affecting menu labeling utilization: A qualitative research study’, Journal of the Academy of
Nutrition and Dietetics, vol. 113, no. 5, pp. 667–672.
Page 6 of 6
How to structure your assignment
This assignment should take the form of a structured report (i.e. a question/answer format) rather
than an “essay” and should be approached with a formal scientific writing style. Please note you are
not expected to re-write the questions in your assignment as this would be an unwise use of your
word count. Please use appropriate section and question numbers to label your answers clearly.
Assignment Title – Top of the first page (please do not submit a cover page)
Student name & ID – Either as footer OR under title of assignment
COMPULSORY: Label all responses to questions with the appropriate question number
File format – Word document only
Font – 12 point, Times New Roman
Line Spacing – 2
Margins – Normal
Borders – None
Use of references
Include all references cited in your assignment (including those that you are instructed to locate and
use) in a reference list at the end of the assignment, using the Harvard (i.e. author-date) referencing
style. If you refer to any additional data not included in these sources, you must reference these
additional sources of data too. Remember that, as covered in Topic 2, references are not restricted
to academic journals, and can include books and reports from reputable websites. Information
about the Harvard referencing style is available here: http://www.deakin.edu.au/students/study-
support/referencing/harvard
Word limit
The word limit for the assignment is 1200 words (excluding the reference list, but including in-text
citations and headings). You are permitted a 10% margin over the word limit, but words over 1320
will not be assessed. This is done to ensure equity among students—it is unfair if students who
exceed the word limit get higher grades (due to including extra material over the word count) than
students who comply with the limit. Also, concise writing that states the key points without being
unnecessarily verbose is an important report-writing skill that you can demonstrate in your
assignment!
Using the TurnItIn Originality check and Assignment Submission
Before submitting your assignment you should check the originality of your work (excluding the
abstracts as these will impact on your TurnItIn score) by using TurnItIn. In Week 4 there was a
PowerPoint presentation shown during your HBS108 lecture that covered this process. You should
ensure that your answers to the assignment questions are written in your own words. It is NOT
acceptable in this assignment to answer questions using ‘blocks’ of text taken from the references
provided (though the occasional word or technical term is acceptable). Your lecturer will also show
you how to submit your assignment online via Moodle.
代写 HBS108 Health Assignment Healthy Eating
