ABPL 20033 CONSTRUCTION ANALYSIS assignment 代写
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ABPL 20033 CONSTRUCTION ANALYSIS assignment 代写
ABPL 20033
CONSTRUCTION ANALYSIS
Materials and systems:
Steel
4 4
15 August 2017
What we will cover today
Material basics
‐ Iron and Steel
‐ Steel manufacturing and properties
‐ Fabrication and connections: cutting, welding and bolting
‐ Steel architecture: from the Industrial revolution to Minimalism (Mies)
Construction systems
‐ Residential steel framing
‐ Composite steel‐concrete floors
‐ Secondary steel framing
Weekly exam questions (Concrete)
Assignment 1 – H1 submissions
Weekly exam questions (Concrete)
Assignment 1 – H1 submissions
Source: vizagsteel.com
Steel manufacturing
IRON ORE
IRON ALLOYS
IRON (Fe)
WROUGHT IRON: < 0.02% CARBON; 99.9% IRON WITH SLAG INCLUSIONS
CAST IRON: 1.8 - 4 % CARBON
STEEL: 0.4- 1.7% CARBON, 98-99.5 % IRON + MANGANESE, SULFUR, SILICONE, PHOSPORUS
STAINLESS STEEL: STEEL WITH 10-11% CHROMIUM CONTENT
CARBON (C)
IRON ALLOYS: CARBON CONTENT
Carbon content is critical to
determine the properties of iron-
carbon alloys. Too much carbon
makes the alloy hard but very
brittle and too little carbon makes
the alloy soft and weak.
Steel is an alloy with an optimised
carbon content between 0.04%
and 1.8%. Within this range of
carbon content the key physical
properties (strength, hardness and
ductility) can vary significantly.
The carbon content of steel is
adjusted depending on the
applications required.
WROUGHT IRON
Wrought iron is the purest form of iron used
for construction purposes and contains a very
low level of carbon ( about 0.02%).
Wrought iron was used in the past as a
structural material and for weaponry.
Wrought iron is ductile and has a strength
comparable to that of mild steel but that it is
inferior to that of high-strength steels.
Its admirable working properties still make it
a viable option for ornamental ironwork
Its main limitation is the production process
that is too costly and has a very low
capacity of production when compared to
structural steel.
Furthermore wrought iron cannot be welded.
CAST IRON
Cast iron is produced in a blast furnace by
smelting iron ore with coke (coal that has
been distilled out from its volatile
components) and crushed limestone.
Cast iron has a very good fluidity making
it ideal for casting of complex industry parts
(it has been used for casting cylinder
blocks in the automotive industry for a long
time).
Cast iron is reasonably strong but it is
brittle and it has a low melting point which
makes it very difficult, almost impossible
to weld.
Hector Guimard, Entrances of the Paris Metro stations, 1900/1912
METAL PROPERTIES
Most construction materials (timber,
masonry, concrete and glass) have a
tendency to break suddenly once they
reach their maximum strength. The fracture
point for these materials happen soon after
the end of their elastic behaviour and it is
anticipated by a brief plastic behaviour.
Metals on the other hand deform greatly
before breaking and after their elastic
phase they enter into a prolonged plastic
flow before breaking. In other words they
are a lot more ductile.
This is one of the great advantages of
many metals and in particular of structural
steel.
STEEL –STRESS/STRAIN DIAGRAM
STRESS
STRAIN
ELASTIC
REVERSIBLE
DEFORMATION
ELASTIC
REVERSIBLE
DEFORMATION
PLASTIC
PERMANENT
DEFORMATION
YIELD
STRESS
PLASTIC
PERMANENT
DEFORMATION
YIELD
STRESS
FAILURE
MILD STEEL
For large scale structural applications
iron alloys are preferred when they have
these properties:
• Weldability (less than 0.5% carbon)
• Ductility at service temperature
• Low cost to strength ratio
• Availability in sections and plates
What we generally refer to as mild steels
respond to these characteristics. Mild
steel alloys have between 0·1 per cent
and 0·7 per cent carbon content, little or
no slag inclusions and they can be
alloyed with or without small amounts of
other elements such as silicon and
manganese.
STEEL DISADVANTAGES
• Steel doesn’t provide the dual function
of structure + envelope of other
materials (masonry, concrete)
• Prone to corrosion, it must be protected
• Poor performance under fire threat
STEEL ADVANTAGES
• High strength in compression, tension
and shear
• Excellent strength/weight ratio
• High stiffness: less prone to deflection;
• Not prone to creep
• Relatively easy to connect
• Allows design flexibility: large spans,
open planning, high-rise
STEELMAKING
SOURCE: steeluniversity.com
IRONMAKING: THE BLAST FURNACE
SOURCE: steeluniversity.com
The first step of steel production
from raw materials is a process of
melting through the blast furnace.
The blast furnace heats up at
1,400 C° iron ore with coke
(distilled coal) and crushed
limestone. During this process
the oxygen of the iron ore is
separated leaving liquid iron that
sinks to the bottom of the
furnace.
Liquid iron (also known as pig
iron) produced by the blast
furnace has a carbon content of
approximately 4%; pig iron it is
still not steel and it is not suitable
for building applications.
CASTING
SOURCE: ssab.com
CASTING
SOURCE: steel.org
HOT ROLLING
Source: Allen-Iano, Fundamentals of Building Construction: Materials and Methods
HOT ROLLING
SOURCE: steeluniversity.org
TUBE ROLLING
SOURCE: steeluniversity.org
Steel products
STEEL SECTIONS
UNIVERSAL BEAMS (UB)
Source: AS/NZS 3679.1 :2009
UNIVERSAL COLUMNS (UC)
Source: AS/NZS 3679.1 :2009
ABPL 90287 / 5 SEP 2012
PARALLEL FLANGE CHANNELS (PFC)
Source: AS/NZS 3679.1 :2009
EQUAL ANGLES (EA)
Source: AS/NZS 3679.1 :2009
UNEQUAL ANGLES (UA)
Source: AS/NZS 3679.1 :2009
COLD-FORMING
SOURCE: hebei.com
Hot rolled steel profiles are formed at very high temperature, directly out of the continuous
process-making of molten steel.
Steel can be formed also more economically folding, corrugating and curling hot rolled
sheets at room temperature. This process is known as ‘cold-forming’.
CIRCULAR HOLLOW SECTIONS (CHS)
Source: AS/NZS 1163 :2009
SQUARE HOLLOW SECTIONS (SHS)
Source: AS/NZS 1163 :2009
RECTANGULAR HOLLOW SECTIONS (RHS)
Source: AS/NZS 1163 :2009
STANDARD COLD FORMED SECTIONS
SOURCE: onesteel.com
CC (COLD FORMED CHANNEL) F CF (COLD FORMED FLAT)
CA (COLD FORMED EQUAL ANGLES) CA (COLD FORMED UNEQUAL ANGLES)
FABRICATION
Source: Steel Construction Manual
Structural steel fabrication is the process of cutting,
shaping and joining manufactured sections (I-
beams, channels, angles etc) into new ones. The
steel fabrication process goes from the
engineering drawings to shop drawings to CNC
equipment to fabricate the members, parts and
sub-assemblies of the structure. Some of the most
important fabrication methods used for buildings
are:
• Cold Sawing
• Oxy Cutting
• Hole Drilling, Cutting and Punching
• SubmergedArc Welding
The fabrication process is an important aspect of
steelwork and a designer is required to understand
the tools and methods that are available.
COLD/BAND SAWING
Source: Australian Steel Institute
A band saw consists of a continuous
blade with a single edge of cutting
teeth. The band saw is powered using
an electric motor that drives the saw in
the vertical plane. By altering the
speed of the blade, steel sections of
various sizes and properties can be
cut.
Most modern band sawing lines
feature a vertical clamping device to
prevent movement of the section
during sawing, and are CNC
controlled.
OXY CUTTING
Source: Australian Steel Institute
Oxyfuel gas cutting is the most common
process used for severing structural steel.
Structural steel thickness from 6 to 300mm
can be cut using this process. It is limited in
application to steels with certain alloys but it
does allow to be used for most structural
steel grades.
This process relies on a cutting torch tip, the
function of which is to supply a stream of
oxygen gas for cutting and a number of
small flames to preheat the steel to cutting
temperature. Preheat flames are arranged
around the central oxygen stream. These
flames are produced by burning the fuel gas
mixed with a secondary stream of oxygen.
Fuel gases commonly used are acetylene,
propane (LPG) and methane (Natural Gas).
OXY CUTTING
BHP House: multiple cutting of the castellated beams. In E.A. Watts,, BHP. BHP House: Fabrication
HOLE PUNCHING
Source: Australian Steel Institute
Holes can be cut in steel by drilling or by
cutting with an oxy flame. Another method
to fabricate holes of a small size is by hole
punching.
Punching is a process that is used to
produce circular, rectangular or complex
shaped holes. The ability to punch a
material is dependent on the capacity of
the equipment and the material.
Thickness, strength and brittleness are
the material characteristics that limit the
application and these processes cannot
cut high strength or brittle materials. Most
structural steels, including the structural
quenched and tempered grades up to
25mm thickness can be punched.
LASER CUTTING
A more recent fabrication method that finds
increased use in architectural applications is
laser cutting. Laser cutting works by directing
and concentrating a high-power laser beam
towards the surface of a material. The cutting
process is computer controlled. Laser cutting is
a more accurate cutting than other heat
generated cutting methods and it is faster than
traditional tool making fabrication. Laser Cutting
can cut up to 3000mm by 1500mm from sheet
material and trough mild steel thicknesses of up
to 16mm. The advantages of Laser Cutting are:
• Faster fabrication
• Pattern design and variation available
• Accuracy
• Clean square edges
• Reduced wastage
Source: www.westermans.com Source: www.cutout.com.au
WELDING
Source: Australian Steel Institute, Student Lecture: Welding . 2009
Welding is a fabrication method that connects
metals by coalescence, or in other words by
melting two pieces and by adding a filler
material in the joint.
Welding is used in steel construction for:
• Fabrication of members and components
• Attachment of components to members
(stiffeners, plates)
• Splicing and joining of structural elements
• Fabrication of sub-assemblies for later
erection on site.
There are two weld types that are commonly
used in the fabrication and the erection of
steel: fillet welds and butt welds.
FILLET WELDS (FW)
Source: Australian Steel Institute, Student Lecture: Welding . 2009
A fillet weld has an approximately triangular
weld pool and joins two workpieces that are
not in the same plane and that form a tee, a
lap or a corner joint.
Fillet welds have these features:
• They are economical (at least up to 12 –
16mm leg size)
• They require minimum edge
preparation
• They have poorer load capacity than
butt welds
• Up 8mm FW can be done in a single
pass
BUTT WELDS (BW)
Source: Australian Steel Institute, Student Lecture: Welding . 2009
A butt weld is a weld between two
coplanar workpieces so as to give
continuity of section.
Butt welds have these features:
• The capacity of the weld is limited
by the capacity of the plate
• Plates must be prepared before
welding
• They have stronger load capacity
than fillet welds
• Preparation on plate edges
determines weld geometry and weld
material volumes.
WELDING: ECONOMICAL CONSIDERATIONS
Source: Australian Steel Institute, Student Lecture: Welding . 2009
Welding is costly. The detailing of welded
connections in steel should consider
economy by seeking simplicity, minimum
weld volumes, accessibility and tolerances
for erection.
Manual Arc Welding (MAW) is rarely used
these days.
CNC welding is a more productive and a
higher quality welding process that is used
more frequently for contemporary steel
fabrication.
Welding equipment is large and
cumbersome and it is difficult to handle on
site. It is preferable to weld in the shop and
bolt on site whenever possible.
MAW
CNC
MAW
CNC
SITE WELDING
SUBMERGED ARC WELDING
Source: Australian Steel Institute
At larger section sizes, it becomes un-economical to
hot roll steel hence the larger beams are normally
made by welding plates together. The method used
for the production of standard Welded Beams (WB)
or Columns (WC) is the submerged arc welding
(SAW). This process is so called because the arc is
submerged under a layer of granular flux, delivered
from a hopper. The arc is struck between a
continuous wire electrode and the workpiece.
The SAW process is continuous and highly
automated and doesn’t rely on manual welding. At
the end of the welding phase the welded members
are passed through a straightening machine to
ensure size consistency.
The process is generally only suitable for material
over 6mm thick, although there are special
procedures for thinner material by using high travel
speeds.
SUBMERGED ARC WELDING
Source: Allen-Iano, Fundamentals of Building Construction: Materials and Methods
WELDED BEAMS (WB)
Source: AS/NZS 3679.2:2010
WELDED COLUMNS (WC)
Source: AS/NZS 3679.2:2010
Fabrication and connections:
Bolting
BOLTED CONNECTIONS
Source: Australian Steel Institute,
Bolting can be a very economical and
efficient way to connect structural steel
members.
Bolts can assist to create rigid or flexible
connection, by clamping two members
together or by fixing the end of one member
to a shop welded cleat of another.
Bolts normally only account for only 1-2% of
the steel cost in a project but they are a
critical item that holds the structure
together.
It is therefore important that quality
assurance is obtained by bolt suppliers and
that designers and builders specify and use
only high quality bolts.
BOLTED CONNECTIONS
Source: Steel Construction Manual
Normally bolts are used to clamp steel to
steel connections with the result that the
connected parts react by putting under
tensional stress the bolt shaft. It is usually
this strength to resist tensional stress that is
associated with the structural capacity of
bolts wether as Yield or Tensional Strength.
However not all bolted connections are
subject to tensile loads. In many applications
the loads can be perpendicular to the
fastener causing it to be under shear stress.
Clamped connections between two
members may not be sufficient in these
situations. Connections with two plates on
each side of the connecting member can be
more efficient to resit shear.
BOLT TIGHTENING METHODS
There are two types of tightening methods
contemplated by theAustralian Standards:
Snug Tightening: bolts are tensioned
sufficiently to bring into intimate positive
contact the mating surfaces of the bolted
parts. Snug Tightening allows slippage of the
mating surfaces (dowel action).
Full Tensioning: bolts are tensioned to their
full extent. They connect by prestressing the
mating surfaces in a connection that relies
on friction.
Full tensioning can rely completely on
friction (non-slip joint) or allow some
slippage combining friction and dowel action.
DOWEL ACTION (SNUG TIGHTENING)
FRICTION (FULL TENSIONING)
Source: B.E. Gorenc, A.Syam, R. Tinyou, Steel Designers Handbook, Australian Steel Institute,
COMMERCIAL BOLTS, GRADE 4.6
Commercial Bolts, Grade 4.6 are made of mild steel
and manufactured according toAS 1111.
They have a tensile strength of 400 MPa and a yield
strength 240 MPa.
Commercial Bolts have no special identifying
marks. (Note: hexagonal head in the picture shows M
for metric and manufacturer’s symbol).
Source: Australian Steel Institute, Student Lecture: Bolting . 2009
HIGH STRENGTH BOLTS, GRADE 8.8
High-strength structural bolts are made of high-strength
steel and they are manufactured toAS 1252.
They have tensile strength of 800 MPa and yield
strength 640 MPa.
High-strength bolts must have special identifying
marks: three raised radial lines on the head and broken
circular indentation on the nut. (Note: hexagonal head in
the picture shows M for metric and A for manufacturer’s
initial).
High-strength bolts have a larger head than commercial
bolts for the same size of bolt.
GRADE 4.6 vs GRADE 8.8
Commercial Bolts can be tightened only with
the snug tight method.
Joint slippage is not a problem with commercial
bolts and they are suitable for secondary framing
applications like purlins.
High-strength bolts can be tightened with the
snug tight method and by full tensioning.
Joint slippage can be a problem with high-
strength bolts and they should not be used for
secondary framing applications like purlins.
High-strength bolts can be used for their very
high shear capacity and to clamp structural steel
for rigid connections.
Source: Allen-Iano, Fundamentals of Building Construction: Materials and Methods
FLEXIBLE vs RIGID CONNECTIONS
Source: Australian Steel Institute, Economical Structural Steelwork,
TWO-WAY RIGID
ONE-WAY RIGID
TWO-WAY BRACED (FLEXIBLE)
TWO-WAY RIGID
ONE-WAY RIGID
TWO-WAY BRACED (FLEXIBLE)
Source: Australian Steel Institute, Economical Structural Steelwork
Flexible Connections are also known as
simple joints or pinned connections and
have these features:
• Simple to fabricate
• Easier to connect with bolts and
plates
• Simple to erect
• Have greater working tolerances
• Less costly than rigid connections
Flexible connections cannot resist
lateral loading. Their stability is provided
by bracing.
CONNECTION TYPES: FLEXIBLE
Source: Australian Steel Institute, Economical Structural Steelwork,
Rigid Connections are also known as
fixed joints or encastre connections
and have these features:
• Complex to fabricate
• Difficult if site connections are
required
• Have welded connections that are
more expensive and require
specialist trade skills and surface
preparation and protection
• Better made in workshops
Frames connected by rigid joints can
to a certain degree provide lateral
stiffness by themselves without
requiring bracing.
CONNECTION TYPES: RIGID
DETAILING BOLTS
The design of bolted connections must be
done considering the actual size of the bolts
to avoid situations where insufficient
clearance or interference may compromise
the joint.
For this reason, whenever known, it is better
to draw the actual bolt size rather than
simply the centrelines of the shaft.
Care must be taken that long ‘stick-through’
bolts are not specified where instead
‘thread-in’ bolts could or should have been
used.
Finally engineers should take care not to
specify bolts of the same size in different
grades for the same job as this is likely to
lead to human error on site.
Source: Australian Steel Institute, Student Lecture: Bolting . 2009
CONCRETE/MASONRY ANCHORS
Source: Ramset
EXPANSION CHEMICAL SETTING
SCREW-IN
CONCRETE/MASONRY ANCHORS
Source: Ramset
EXPANSION
CHEMICAL SETTING
EXPANSION
CHEMICAL SETTING
SCREW-IN
STUD-WELDING
Source: Architectural Record, vol. 104, n. 4
STUD-WELDING
Source: Architectural Record, vol. 104, n. 4
1 2 3 4 5
How stud-welding works:
1) Gun with threaded rod (stud) inside is pressed against steel surface
2) Trigger pulls stud slightly away from steel surface
3) Base of stud and surface of steel are melted by electric arc welding
4) At the end of welding period (set by a timer) the stud is pushed into the molten
surface
5) The gun is removed, the surface of steel has a threaded rod attached to it which can
be used for bolted connections with other elements.
BACK IN 10 MINUTES
Where would design be without coffee breaks?
Construction systems:
Residential steel framing
FRAMING SYSTEMS: STUDS, TRUSSES
STEEL STUD WALLS
Source: Rond Maxi Frame
STEEL STUD WALLS: JAMBS
Source: Rond Maxi Frame
OPEN WEB STEEL JOISTS
Advantages of Open Steel Joist:
• Termite resistant
• Excellent corrosion resistance, suitable
for coastal regions
• Lightweight open web construction for
ease of installation
• No shrinking, wrapping or twisting under
load, resulting in a quieter and longer
lasting floor system
• Pre-cut lengths minimising wastage and
saving time and on site labour
• Reduces the need for retaining walls,
and cut and fill on sloping blocks
• Design flexibility to meet individual
requirements
OPEN WEB STEEL JOISTS: GROUND FLOORS
OPEN WEB STEEL JOISTS: GROUND FLOORS
OPEN WEB STEEL JOISTS: UPPER FLOORS
OPEN WEB STEEL JOISTS: UPPER FLOORS
OPEN WEB STEEL JOISTS: ROOFS
Construction systems:
Composite steel‐concrete floors
COMPOSITE FLOORS
Source: Australian Steel Institute, Economical Structural Steelwork, 2009
Steel-concrete composite floors
combine the benefits of steel
construction (speed of erection,
efficient size/span ratios, etc.) with the
benefits of concrete (acoustic
insulation, fire proofing).
In this system corrugated steel
sheeting is used as a permanent form
work system for a concrete slab. The
steel sheeting, once concrete has
cured, becomes integral with the
concrete slab and it participates to the
structural resistance of the floor. The
slab and the supporting structure
below may have to be connected also
to resist shear stress. To this end plug-
welded studs (shear connectors) are
normally used. SHEAR CONNECTOR
COMPOSITE FLOORS: PROPRIETARY SYSTEMS
Source: ABPL30041 Construction Design, 2013
COMPOSITE FLOORS: PROPRIETARY SYSTEMS
Source: ABPL30041 Construction Design, 2013
COMPOSITE FLOORS: BONDEK
Source: Lysaght Bondek, Construction Manual
COMPOSITE FLOORS: CORNERS AND EDGES
Source: Lysaght Bondek, Construction Manual
Photos: JWA Architects
Construction systems:
Secondary steel framing
McBRIDE CHARLES RYAN, MONACO HOUSE, MELBOURNE, 2008
PURLINS AND GIRTS
Source: Australian Steel Institute, Economical Structural Steelwork, 2009
CEE
ZED
CEE
ZED
In Australia roof purlins and wall girts for
commercial and industrial applications are
generally made with cold formed galvanised Zed or
Cee sections.
These members are available in depths ranging
from 100mm to 350mm in 50mm increments.
GIRTS
Source: Newman A. Metal Building Systems, 1997
FLUSH GIRTS BYPASS GIRTS
GIRTS: CORNERS
Source: Newman A. Metal Building Systems, 1997
BYPASS
SEMI-FLUSH
FLUSH
BYPASS
SEMI-FLUSH
FLUSH
ROOF PURLINS
Source: Australian Steel Institute, Economical Structural Steelwork, 2009
FLY-BRACING
(TO RESIT WIND UPLIFT)
FLY-BRACING
(TO RESIT WIND UPLIFT)
McBride Charles Ryan, Monaco House, Melbourne, 2008
McBride Charles Ryan, Monaco House, Melbourne, 2008
Weekly exam questions ‐ concrete
ABPL 20033
CONSTRUCTION ANALYSIS
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• List THREE advantages of…
• ONE of the following statements is false…
• Answer in lecture slide 15
What is “concrete cover”?
Name the equipment used to level and
finish the concrete slab in the pictures
Name the equipment used to level and
finish the concrete slab in the pictures
Describe Joseph Monier’s contribute to the
development of modern concrete.
Describe Francois Hennebique’s contribute to
the development of modern concrete.
Describe Joseph Monier’s contribute to the
development of modern concrete.
Describe Francois Hennebique’s contribute to
the development of modern concrete.
Fill‐in‐the‐gaps question
Explain how aggregates can affect the
following four characteristics of a concrete mix
(strength, workability, cost, visual aspect)
Explain how aggregates can affect the
following four characteristics of a concrete mix
(strength, workability, cost, visual aspect)
Describe the function of the following five
concrete admixtures.
Describe the function of the following five
concrete admixtures.
Five factors that affect the strength and durability of concrete
Identify two compaction methods and
describe the benefits of concrete
compaction
Identify two compaction methods and
describe the benefits of concrete
compaction
Provide a definition of concrete workability.
Explain how it can be affected by the water/cement
ratio and grade/shape of the aggregates
Provide a definition of concrete workability.
Explain how it can be affected by the water/cement
ratio and grade/shape of the aggregates
What are the consequences of
a low water/cement ratio (0.5)?
What are the consequences of
a low water/cement ratio (0.5)?
Discuss the complex relationship between water and cement.
What’s the purpose of a slump test? When and where is it generally performed?
Comment on the slump test result of the concrete mix in the picture
What’s the purpose of a slump test? When and where is it generally performed?
Comment on the slump test result of the concrete mix in the picture
What’s opus caementicium?
Describe its composition and use.
What’s opus caementicium?
Describe its composition and use.
What’s the difference between Roman
concrete and the contemporary Portland
concrete?
Describe how the design/construction of
the Pantheon was optimised.
What’s the difference between Roman
concrete and the contemporary Portland
concrete?
Describe how the design/construction of
the Pantheon was optimised.
What are the benefits of using fly ash, slag
and amorphous silica in a concrete mix?
What are the benefits of using fly ash, slag
and amorphous silica in a concrete mix?
What’s the role of aggregates in a concrete
mix? Elaborate on the importance of shape
ABPL 20033 CONSTRUCTION ANALYSIS assignment 代写
and size of the aggregates
What’s the role of aggregates in a concrete
mix? Elaborate on the importance of shape
and size of the aggregates
Multiple‐choice version
What is concrete curing? Name and describe three concrete curing methods?
Label the x axis of the graph with the three different concrete stages.
Label the graph curves with the four properties of a concrete mix.
Label the x axis of the graph with the three different concrete stages.
Label the graph curves with the four properties of a concrete mix.
ABPL 20033
CONSTRUCTION ANALYSIS
Next week:
Materials and systems: Masonry
ABPL 20033 CONSTRUCTION ANALYSIS assignment 代写
